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審計人員之產業專精與客戶租稅規避：中國實證研究
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Table 9 Association between Auditor Industry Expertise and Tax Avoidance in Big 4
Sample
Variables
(1)
Tax-avoidance = BETR
(2)
Tax-avoidance = CETR
(3)
Tax-avoidance = BTD
Spec = IMS Spec = IPS Spec = IMS Spec = IPS Spec = IMS Spec = IPS
Constant
-0.1187*
-0.1309*
-0.1505
-0.1583
0.7748
0.8693
(-1.84)
(-1.88)
(-1.31)
(-1.37)
(0.46)
(0.51)
Spec
-0.0158*
-0.1105**
-0.0133
-0.0270
0.2399*
0.3715
(-1.76)
(-2.18)
(-0.91)
(-0.41)
(1.72)
(0.38)
Fee
-0.4487
-0.6660*
-0.9655*
-1.0307*
5.6625
5.2720
(-1.14)
(-1.66)
(-1.89)
(-1.96)
(0.75)
(0.68)
Tenure
-0.0073
-0.0015
0.0011
0.0007
0.0212
0.0080
(-0.84)
(-1.00)
(0.52)
(0.34)
(0.72)
(0.27)
Spec*Fee
-0.2608
-1.2158
-2.6945**
-2.9287**
5.6392
8.8386
(-0.26)
(-1.12)
(-2.09)
(-2.07)
(0.30)
(0.43)
Spec*Tenure
-0.0093
0.0081
-0.0074
-0.0024
0.1988*
0.0638
(-1.01)
(-1.02)
(-0.62)
(-0.23)
(1.71)
(0.42)
Soe
-0.0203**
-0.0187**
0.0046
0.0030
0.5521***
0.5241***
(-2.12)
(-1.97)
(0.37)
(0.24)
(3.01)
(2.89)
Size
0.0082**
0.0082**
0.0008
0.0010
0.7823***
0.7875***
(2.17)
(2.19)
(0.16)
(0.21)
(10.82)
(10.89)
Roa
0.0084
0.0118
0.3638***
0.3629***
5.8170***
5.8278***
(0.08)
(0.11)
(2.68)
(2.67)
(2.92)
(2.93)
Lev
-0.0213
-0.0288
0.0587
0.0629*
1.2368**
1.2501**
(-0.73)
(-0.99)
(1.55)
(1.68)
(2.23)
(2.24)
CFO
0.0086
0.0130
0.0413
0.0405
0.4436
0.4675
(0.15)
(0.24)
(0.55)
(0.53)
(0.40)
(0.42)
Year
Controlled
Controlled
Controlled
Controlled
Controlled
Controlled
Industry
Controlled Controlled Controlled Controlled Controlled Controlled
N
455
455
455
455
455
455
F Value
7.41
7.84
4.76
4.74
29.10
29.03
Adjusted R
2
0.2075
0.2128
0.1105
0.1091
0.5606
0.5596
Note: This table presents the OLS regression results in Big 4 sample. Since Big 4 are more likely to be
identified as experts based on dummy variables (
IMS_D
and
IPS_D
equal 1 in most of Big 4
sample observations), we only use continuous variables (
IMS
and
IPS
) to proxy industry
expertise. The sample includes 455 firm-year observations for the period 2008-2012. T-statistics
are in the parentheses. ***, **, * stand for a statistical significant level of 1%, 5%, and 10%
respectively.