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and impact business operations. They also propose three stages of digital transformation,
namely, digitization, unbundling and rebundling information, and information outsourcing
for a business model shift. They reveal that in the retail ecosystem, when an actor works in
close collaboration with other actors and creates a well-designed system, a simple labeling
device can turn into a connected label solution.

Hsiou-Wei Lin
San-Lin Chung
Chih-Ping Wei