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NTU Management Review Vol. 33 No. 3 Dec. 2023

3.1.1 Modularization
Modularization uses a “divide-and-conquer” strategy to distinguish a big and
difficult-to-solve problem into several small problems that may be solved individually and,
in the process, resolve the big problem. Modularization assists the marketing detection

system, promotion, and pricing (Zhao and Ma, 2017) and is widely and effectively used in
the IT hardware industry, software industry, and many other practical and academic fields.
3.1.2 Regularization

Regularization refers to the agreed-upon standards / rules between customers and
manufacturers with regard to products, technologies, and specifications. Regularization is
a mechanism that simplifies supplier-customer communications to reduce costs.
3.1.3 Design In
Design in is the incorporation of a specific task-confirmation or inspection mechanism

into a product design. Design in mechanisms belong in the category of technical value-
added, source flow management, dead account prevention, and debugging mechanisms
that are used to minimize risks and improve performance.

3.2 Customer Contingency Empowerment
Customer contingency empowerment empowers customers or only provides the
opportunity to choose products and services based on differences in co-created values.
Using this mechanism, enterprises may empower their customers to jointly develop

service processes to better meet individual customer needs and enable individual
customers to actively participate in value co-creation (Chen, Li, Evans, and Arnold,
2017). Some companies perceive that empowering their customers may complicate the

process of specialization and incur high communication costs; thus, we propose the
concept of customer contingency empowerment, which is suitable for addressing uncertain
environments and uncertain / diverse needs (Ng, Scharf, Pogrebna, and Maull, 2015).

3.3 Proactive Response

Proactive response refers to the ability to distinguish amongst heterogeneous
customer needs, take preventive actions to address transaction processes and potential
problems, and respond instantaneously. To prevent suppliers from sacrificing quality for

increased profits or business opportunities, customers have narrowed the focus of quality

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