37 NTU Management Review Vol. 31 No. 3 Dec. 2021 individual-level psychological constructs and clarifies that it is the intersection of sex and gender role orientation that makes a difference in individuals’ perceptions of role demands and their experiences of work and family conflict. Furthermore, we unravel both the within-sex and across-sex differences on the work and family interface, emanating from individuals’ diverse gender identities. Our results show that men endorsing high femininity traits and women endorsing low femininity traits are more vulnerable to experience conflicts compared to their traditional counterparts. The underlying mechanisms of such vulnerability highlight the pressure of nonconformity to traditional gender role scripts. Such pressure is likely to result in threats to self-worth and conflicts over self and others’ expectations. All of these render the nonconformists stressprone in juggling work and family roles. In a transitional society, while nontraditional men and women desire to immerse in their self-chosen role, they are still obligated to perform the societal prescribed roles, resulting in greater resource competition and depletion, such as extended working hours and reduced leisure time (Aaltio and Huang, 2007). Our research thus highlights the value of fully considering the biological, psychological, and social implications of gender in order to achieve an equitable and inclusive understanding of men’s and women’s lived experiences of work and family roles.
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