臺大管理論叢第31卷第3期

36 Sex and Gender Role Orientation on the Work-Family Interface: Testing Three-Way Interactions 4. Research Limitations/Implications Our study has some limitations. First, due to various restrictions, we could only use a convenient sampling method to obtain data, and the sample may not be representative. It is recommended that future studies adopt a larger sample design or employ secondary analysis, such as survey databases of national representative samples. Second, we used self-reports to collect data, which may introduce the bias caused by Common Method Variance (CMV). Although our tests confirmed that all research variables were empirically distinguishable and the bias due to common method variance was low, it is still valuable to obtain other sources of data in future research, such as supervisor or spouse ratings of role demands. Third, this study includes self-reported work and family importance as approximate indicators of traditional gender role values as control variables. Future research should consider more explicit measures of gender-related traditional values, such as gender attitudes or marital attitudes. Researchers may also consider including other gender-related personal and social variables, such as cultural values, society-level gender equality indices, in order to tease out the “true and unique” contribution of the gender construct. Finally, we include only the most stable antecedent variables of WFC and FWC (that is, workload and family responsibilities) as role demands. Future research may explore alternative antecedents, such as work stress and family stress. The research scope may also extend to the outcomes of work and family conflict, such as job satisfaction and family satisfaction, to further understand the role of gender in the work and family research. 5. Originality/Contribution Our findings contribute to the existing work and family literature. Through systematic examination of gender diversity in self-identity, our study avoids the mistake of “biopsychological equivalence” prevalent in previous literature (Korabik et al., 2008). Our results clearly showed that when gender self-identity is directly measured, biological sex has no relation with an individual’s endorsement of gender traits. Our simultaneous examination of biological sex and gender role orientation unravels a myriad of choices for gender role identification for contemporary men and women, for example, the “family men” and “career women.” Our research demonstrates the utility of gender traits as

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