Page 238 - 34-2

The Regulation of Non-GAAP Reporting and Earnings Management: Evidence from the Recognition of
Opportunistic Special Items

Kyung, H., and Weintrop, J. 2016. The economic consequences of SEC interpretive
guidance and the effects on firm behavior: Evidence of non-GAAP earnings
disclosure. Paper presented at CAAA annual conference 2013, Montreal,
Canada. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2200733
Laurion, H. 2020. Implications of non-GAAP earnings for real activities and accounting

choices. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 70 (1), Article 101333. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2020.101333
Lougee, B. A., and Marquardt, C. A. 2004. Earnings informativeness and strategic
disclosure: An empirical examination of “pro forma” earnings. The Accounting
Review, 79 (3): 769-795. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2004.79.3.769

Marques, A. 2006. SEC interventions and the frequency and usefulness of non-GAAP
financial measures. Review of Accounting Studies, 11 (4): 549-574. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s11142-006-9016-x
McVay, S., Nagar, V., and Tang, V. W. 2006. Trading incentives to meet the analyst
forecast. Review of Accounting Studies, 11 (4): 575-598. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s11142-006-9017-9

Miller, J. S. 2009. Opportunistic disclosures of earnings forecasts and non-GAAP earnings
measures. Journal of Business Ethics, 89 (supplement 1): 3-10. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s10551-008-9903-0
Petersen, M. A. 2009. Estimating standard errors in finance panel data sets: Comparing
approaches. The Review of Financial Studies, 22 (1): 435-480. https://doi.
org/10.1093/rfs/hhn053

Ribeiro, A., Shan, Y., and Taylor, S. 2019. Non-GAAP earnings and the earnings quality
trade-off. Abacus, 55 (1): 6-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/abac.12150
Roberts, M. R., and Whited, T. M. 2013. Endogeneity in empirical corporate finance. In
Constantinides, G. M., Harris, M., and Stulz, R. M. (Eds.), Handbook of the
Economics of Finance Vol. 2 Part A: 493-572. Oxford, UK: North Holland.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-44-453594-8.00007-0

Shumsky, T., and Francis, T. 2016. Accounting choices blur profit picture. The Wall
Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/accounting-choices-blur-profit-
picture-1467086625
Yi, H. 2007. Has Regulation G improved the information quality of non-GAAP earnings

disclosures?. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=817984. Accessed Dec. 8, 2021.

230