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科技管理三重奏：策略視角的分析與評論
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In order to increase the rigor and trustworthiness of our classification, we consulted a group
of external experts to assess our result so that we could revise it repeatedly until marginal
improvement is saturated.
We discovered that voluntarism is the most popular perspective used by TIM scholars in
Taiwan; voluntarism accounts for 52.7% (145 articles), determinism for 36.8% (106 articles),
and interactionism only for 8.7% (24 articles). Entrepreneurship, the resource-based view,
and dynamic capability are most welcomed by voluntarism studies. For example, Chen et al.
(2010) discuss how firms use bricolage to innovate when resources are inadequate. For
determinism studies, national innovation system (NIS), research institutes of various types,
and the effect of a specific law or regulation prevail. For instance, Wang (2012) collected
patent data from two databases to assess Taiwan’s innovation capability. Compared to
voluntarism and determinism, the perspective of interactionism has received scant attention
from TIM scholars. Even though the perspective of voluntarism is most dominant, this
development to date has not corresponded with the Taiwanese sectoral context.
We argue that academic research should be strongly linked with the local context to
make more empirical contributions. The strategic management of voluntarism originated in
the United States, where resources and opportunities are abundant. Therefore, it is reasonable
that theories of voluntarism have been so prevalent in the US. In Europe, however, resources
and opportunities are comparatively rare. It is necessary for European countries to
collaborate to utilize resources and opportunities more efficiently. Government policy plays a
vital role in industrial development. The Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU) at the
University of Sussex, the University of Manchester, and the University of Cambridge devote
to the studies of science and technology policy (S&T policy). Therefore, theories of
determinism have been widely accepted by European TIM scholars. In the Taiwanese
context, there are few resources and opportunities; furthermore, it is difficult for Taiwan to
align with other countries due to its unique political status. Therefore, we argue that the most
suitable perspective of strategic management for Taiwanese TIM scholars should be the
interactionist one.