35 NTU Management Review Vol. 31 No. 3 Dec. 2021 and some were recruited through contact managers in their organizations. This study adopts a two-wave panel design, and all research variables are measured twice with an interval of three months. 371 valid questionnaires were collected for the first time. On the basis of this initial sample, the final valid questionnaires were 276. We used standardized measures for GRO (self-endorsement on masculinity and femininity traits), workload, family responsibility, WFC, FWC, and the importance of work and family roles (viewed as approximate indicators of “traditional gender role values”and been included as control variables). The sample was 52.54% male and 47.46% female, with a mean age of 35.51 (SD = 11.91), and mean job tenure of 13.72 years (SD = 10.41). Most participants (56.57%) had college-level education and over a quarter of the respondents (28%) were managers. Just under half of the sample (47.46%) were married or cohabiting, while the rest were single, widowed, separated, or divorced (52.54%). Regarding family structure, 44.57% of our participants had children, and 42.40% were living with parents or in-laws. Respondents were working in various industries, with services industry (24.28%) and manufacturing industry (24.28%) accounting for the majority. 3. Findings The present study is the first to examine the three-way interaction effects of biological sex, gender diversity, and role demands on the bidirectional work and family conflict in Taiwan undergoing rapid social changes. After controlling for traditional gender role values, we found significant 3-way interactions (sex × gender role orientation × family demands) in predicting the bidirectional work and family conflict. Specifically, for men, high femininity strengthened the positive relationships between family responsibility and work-to-family conflict as well as between family responsibility and family-to-work conflict. For women, however, it was low femininity that strengthened the same sets of relationships. Contrasting groups of the biological men and women, we revealed the “inter-gender” difference: high feminine traits were “protective” for women (the line of regression is flat), but for men they were “fragility” factors (the regression line is steeper). Our findings seem to suggest that certain types of non-traditional gender identities increase the adjustment challenges for both sexes, especially in a changing society.
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