臺大管理論叢第31卷第3期

60 The Influences of Leaders’ Negative Implicit Followership Theories on Employees’Work Behaviors: A DualPathway Model dimension of insubordination comprised three items (adjectives): “arrogant”, “rude”, and “bad tempered”; the dimension of incompetence also comprised three items (adjectives): “uneducated”, “slow”, and “inexperienced”. In total, we use six items to measure leaders’ NIFTs. The alpha reliability for this 6-item measure is .88. Abusive supervision. We measure subordinates’ perception of abusive supervision by using a 15-item scale developed by Tepper (2000). We have subordinates indicate the extent to which their immediate supervisors had used verbal and nonverbal mistreatment (e.g., he or she “ridicules me,” “puts me down in front of others,” and “tells me my thoughts or feelings are stupid”). The scale’s alpha reliability is .97 in this study. Leader-member exchange. We measure subordinates’ perception of leader-member exchange (LMX) quality by using an 11-item scale developed by Liden and Maslyn (1998). This LMX scale consists of four dimensions: affect (3 items), loyalty (3 items), contribution (2 items), and professional respect (3 items). Sample items respectively for these four dimensions are “I like my supervisor very much as a person,” “My supervisor defends my work actions to a superior, even without complete knowledge of the issue in question,” “I do work for my supervisor that goes beyond what is specified in my job description,” and “I admire my supervisor’s professional skills.” The scale’s alpha reliability is .95 in this study. Negative mood. We measure subordinates’ negative mood by using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) scale developed by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen (1988). All items in this scale are emotional descriptors. The ten items serving to measure negative mood are “distressed,” “upset,” “guilty,” “scared,” “hostile,” “irritable,” “ashamed,” “nervous,” “jittery,” and “afraid.” We use a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (very slightly or not at all) to 5 (extremely) to measure subordinates’ negative mood during the past week. The scale’s alpha reliability is .92 in this study. Psychological empowerment. We measure subordinates’ perception of psychological empowerment by using a 12-item scale developed by Spreitzer (1995). This scale consists of four dimensions: meaning (3 items), competence (3 items), self-determination (3 items), and impact (3 items). Sample items respectively for these four dimensions are “The work I do is very important to me,” “I am confident about my ability to do my job,” “I have significant autonomy in determining how I do my job,” and “My impact on what happens in my work unit is large.” The scale’s alpha reliability is .91 in this study.

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