臺大管理論叢第31卷第3期

34 Sex and Gender Role Orientation on the Work-Family Interface: Testing Three-Way Interactions When societies move towards greater gender equality, there is increasing tolerance for gender diversity such as within-sex variations in the identification of gender traits. Korabik et al. (2008) thus urged researchers to explore the intrapsychic aspects of gender that influence not only individuals’ identities but also their behaviors, the roles they choose to enact, and how they choose to enact them. Gender Role Orientation (GRO) posits that individuals’ self-concept inherently contains personal characteristics, which in turn influence the gender-typing of their behaviors and cognitions (Bem, 1974). The two independent dimensions of masculinity and femininity traits capture the traditional cultural prescriptions for the identities of men and women. From the perspective of gender role orientation, we propose that traditional vis-a-vis nontraditional men and women may have different perceptions of work and family roles, and consequently different experiences of work and family conflict. The traditional men (those who identify with masculinity traits) and traditional women (those who identify with femininity traits) will prioritize work or family role at the expense of the other role. However, the demarcation between work and family is blurred for nontraditional men and women as they do not identify with traditional gender traits. For men who identify with nontraditional feminine traits, compared to their traditional counterparts who draw self-identity primarily on the work role, femininity traits make them more sensitive to family-related responsibilities (Geldenhuys, Bosch, Jeewa, and Koutris, 2019). For women who identify with high masculine or low feminine traits, compared to their traditional counterparts who draw self-identity primarily on the family role, masculinity traits make them more inclined to pursue career achievements (Geldenhuys et al., 2019). Because the psychological meaning differs immensely for men/ women identifying with female/male appropriate traits, we expect there to be a three-way interaction between the focal person’s sex, his/her gender role orientation, and workload and family responsibility in predicting work-to-family conflict (WFC)/family-to-work conflict (FWC). 2. Design/Methodology The participants in our study were employees working in different organizations of diverse industries across Taiwan. Some of our participants were part-time MBA students

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